World Architechture

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Space Architecture:

Currently we are focusing on the architecture of space servers. They provide four basic services:

Naming - the space is a communication medium for objects, so it must give them names they can use to refer to each other. In this sense, the space can be though of as an address space. We use a simple flat namespace and assign these identifiers randomly.
Discovery - in order to send messages, objects must have other objects' identifiers. The space must provide a way for objects to discover other object identifiers. Of course this mechanism should aim to return the identifiers of the most relevant objects to the querier.
Communication - the space acts as a communication medium and mediates all inter-object messages. It must provide routing of messages and possibly apply rules to restrict communication.
Physical Simulation - much physical simulation depends on the state of multiple objects, and is simplified by having a single authoritative simulator. The space may provide some form of physical simulation, ranging from simple collision detection and response to a complex rigid body simulation, depending on what the particular world calls for.

Designing and Implementing the Components:

Efficient and Scalable Discovery - most existing systems use a simple distance cut-off approach to discovery, where all objects within some radius will be returned. While it is known how to efficiently implement this approach when the radius is relatively small, the nature of the query requires the radius to be large to find the majority of objects that are important. Further, these systems return many objects that could be quickly discarded as irrelevant. We're looking into different types of queries that more efficiently find important objects, but can still be implemented efficiently and scalably.
Scalable Communication - without restrictions on communication, object messaging can very quickly overload the system, leading to poor service for everyone. We are investigating how we can control message queuing to provide physically plausible quality of service under load while making the best use of resources when not under load.
Load Balancing - interests naturally collect -- we know that interests often follow a Zipf distribution. This implies that as the world grows, the maximum load on a single space server using fixed size regions will increase. The resulting problems are already evident in most other systems that split their worlds into fixed sized regions: a few central hubs are overloaded or the number of participants is simply capped to avoid the problem. Instead, we are investigating ways to balance the load by dynamically segmenting the world, allowing loaded servers to split in order to double available bandwidth and compute power, and underloaded servers to merge so unused regions do not waste resources.

World Architechture:

Virtual worlds:

Much of the content that makes up a virtual world is long-lived, static content: meshes, textures, scripts, and audio. Content distribution networks address the problem of efficiently serving these assets to millions of clients.

Virtual worlds have a few properties which suggest a different CDN design might be warranted. First, most content can be split into levels of detail and accessed incrementally. For instance, a texture can be displayed at lower resolution before the entire texture has been downloaded. Further, the client may not request all chunks: a higher resolution version of the texture might not improve the rendering because the mesh is too far away for it to be noticable.

Second, the relative importance of requests varies quickly over time. Unlike the resources on a web page, which are all required to display the page, the content required to display a virtual world may vary quickly. If the user turns, the relative importance of different meshes and textures in the scene change suddenly. Still, out-of-view elements should still have some priority since the user may turn back towards them soon.

Finally, virtual worlds have spatial locality that could be exploited by the CDN: resources that are geometrically nearby in the world are likely to be requested by the same client. For instance, the meshes for objects that are next to each other will likely be requested by all avatars in the region.

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